In contemporary art, many philosophies and technical applications, which express a variety of ideas and tendencies, have appeared. Emphasis on sustainability in creativity has become one of the most important main competencies that students should acquire and develop. Although a limited number of studies have dealt with the relationship between sustainability and art, it has become imperative to stress these methods in teaching, and to work more to acquire this skill. In the current study, the skill of creative sustainability is a way to improve the skill of thinking, creativity, and producing artworks with renewable artistic and intellectual richness within the framework of developing the mental aspect of art education students so as to face the challenges of the present and the future without prejudice to the attempt of contemplation that is the main inspiration for the artistic creativity. In addition, this study aimed to benefit from the creative intellectual sustainability in developing artworks characterized by contemporaneity in the field of drawing and painting through studying the elements of nature. The present study has stressed the importance of developing the sustainability skill of art education students, achieving their brainstorming ability to devise creative ideas, and strengthening their visual focus on developing projection skills. This study hypothesized that there is a correlation between sustainability and artistic creativity in students\' artworks.

Pumpkin leaves (Telfairia occidentalis) are extensively used in homes in Nigeria and some West African Countries for soup making and sometimes extracted in water for drinking as medicament for stimulating erythropoiesis. The present study aims at evaluating the in-vitro effect of pumpkin leaves extract on human erythrocytes with an interest in obtaining base data on the phyto-toxicity. Human erythrocytes of the A,B,O. blood groups and Rhesus positive and negative were obtained from blood donors in the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City. Pumpkin leaves weighing 250g was extract in 250ml cold distilled water to obtain a stock solution of 1gm/ml pumpkin leaves extract. The stock solution was further diluted in sterile test tubes to obtain a concentration range of 10µg/m/, 20µg/m/, 40µg/m/ to 640µg/m/ using cold sterile distilled water. The test proper required the addition of 0.5ml of each pumpkin leaves extracted concentration to a sterile test tube containing 2.5ml of 5% human erythrocyte in sterile physiological saline and allowed to remain at room temperature (27+ 1oc)for 30 minutes. The heamolysis occurring in the tubes was read spectrophometrically (Cornings) at 540nm wavelength along with the neat and saline control. A drop of erythrocyte suspension (0.02ml) from each tube was placed on a clean grease- free slide, covered with a coverslip and examined under the microscope (Olympus) using X10 and X40 objective lenses. Then photomicrographs to show cell structures were obtained using a motic camera with extension lense. The lowest concentration of pumpkin leaves extract to yield heamolysis was 125 µg/m/ irrespective of blood group and Rhesus status. The absorbance reading reflected corresponding increases in the concentration of pumpkin leaves extract using phosphate buffer as negative control and Triton X as positive control (100% heamolysis). The data obtained from this study may have value in determining phytotoxicity with pumpkin leaves.

Groundwater is pertinent to the existence of human. Its exploration and exploitation is anchor on geophysical investigation and borehole sinking. The geophysical investigation of groundwater at Warrake road, Auchi, Etsako West, using electrical resistivity method is aimed at investigating the depth of water table in study area and the subsurface lithology. This exploration is conducted by the use of vertical electrical sounding (VES) with the Schlumberger electrode configuration. The expected outcome of the research is to delineate the groundwater table in the study area and the subsurface geology of the area. the study shows that the aquifer in the study area is sandstone intercalated with clay. The presence of clay in the aquiferous formation tends to impend the abstraction of water in the study area. The study reveals that the suitable depth for sinking a borehole in the study area is 229m.

Abstract\n\nThis study was designed to empirically investigate factors affecting credit risk exposure of selected commercial banks in Ethiopia. A panel of nine commercial banks each having 11 years of observations was included. The banks were selected on the basis of number of annual financial report (2005-2015) to come up with sufficient number of observations. Alternative econometric estimation models such as fixed effect, random effect, Feasible Generalized Least Square, Ordinary Least Square and xtscc were used to indicate whether the results are robust and are convergent irrespective of diagnostic test procedures. The result indicates that total equity to total assets, proxy of capital negatively and significantly affect credit risk under the five alternative models in four of the five models at α=1% level of significance. Cash reserve ratio, proxy of banking regulation positively and significantly affect credit risk at α=1% in the three of the five estimation models (fixed effect, random effect and Ordinary Least Square). Moreover, Loan to Deposit ratio, proxy of lending structure positively and significantly affect credit risk under all the five models at α=5% or α=1% level of significance. Liquidity has positive and significant effect on credit risk under the four of the five alternative mode at α=1%. It has also been found out that government owned commercial bank has significantly higher credit risk exposure than privately owned banks. Finally, both economic growth rate and bank specific financial performances have no significant effect on credit risk. The author suggests that banks need to reduce the level of their debt; keep their liquidity at optimal level, reduce cash reserve ratio only to the level legally required to reduce their risk exposure.

This paper provides a firm-level empirical analysis on how corruption affects bank lending. Using survey data of World Bank about lending, it indicates that a certain extent of corruption is grease for firms to receive bank lending, but higher level of corruption is stumbling block for firms to get bank lending. These findings are different from the existing results. Furthermore, this study also reveals that government guarantee is the effective channels for the influence of corruption on bank lending. This research suggests that a certain level of corruption is the second-best choice of bank credit allocation; the implication is that access to credit based on bribery should be able to achieve Pareto optimality for bank credit resources among firms. Furthermore, we used Generalized Propensity Score Matching method to analyze and found out that, with the level of corruption from the low quantile to high quantile, the promoting effect of corrupt activities on bank lending weakened gradually. When it exceeds the quantile of 0.18, corrupt activities have a negative effect on bank lending, and the effect is gradually strengthened. Finally, the results of the robust test show that the inverted U-shaped curve correlation between corruption and bank lending is very steady.

The decreasing population in the High North of Russia during the last decades is in contrary to the tendencies of population growth in the Arctic zones of the other northern countries. In-migration to the North of Russia was always connected with opportunities for employment there. In this article, using multinomial logit models, the probabilities of being employed, unemployed and economically inactive in the North of Russia and the rest of the country were estimated. The results showed that both working age and professional education make the highest impact on the probabilities of being employed in the North of Russia and the rest of the country. The chances of being employed were almost the same for females with higher and secondary education in the North as the rest of the country. In contrary, for males with higher education the probabilities of being employed were higher in the North than in other regions. The results for some control variables showed that the population in the North is much more economically active compared with the rest of Russia, which gives us reason to suggest that employment is the main motive for living in the High North.