The β-glucans of Basidiomycetes have shown activity as immunomodulators, anticancer, antitumor, among others. Due to this, in vitro culture for biomass production, bioactive metabolic extraction techniques, and identification techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) are fundamental to control conditions for they production, especially of little-studied species with biotechnological potential such as Lycoperdon perlatum, a wild edible mushroom traditionally valued as a nutritious food with therapeutic and medicinal properties.The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the production of β-glucans from mycelium grown in vitro and from fruiting bodies of wild Lycoperdom perlatum. For this, the mycelium was cultured in vitro by liquid state fermentation (LSF) in an unconventional medium based on cornmeal, while wild fruiting bodies were collected from a high mountain forest with species of Pinus and Abies. The biomass of both fungal materials was dried and processed to extract the β-glucans by successive extraction in aqueous and alkaline solution. The extracts were subsequently purified and characterized by FTIR. Four precipitates were obtained from the dry biomass (DW), which agree with the vibrational mode of a spectrum of β-glucans in FTIR. The biomass obtained from the mycelium in vitro presented a fresh weight of 40.87 g with 96.50% of water content, while the fruiting bodies presented a fresh weight of 38.72 g and 84.89% of water content. The fractions obtained were four: an aqueous fraction of mycelium (FrAqM) with 1.40 g of β-glucans per 100 g of DW; an alkaline fraction of fruiting bodies (FrAqBF) with 2.36 g of β-glucans per 100 g of DW; an alkaline fraction of mycelium (FrAkM) with 10.11 g of β-glucans per 100 g of DW; and an alkaline fraction of fruiting bodies (FrAkBF) with 11.58 g of β-glucans per 100 g of DW. The FTIR spectrum of the four precipitates show the characteristic bands of a β-glucan, it is important to highlight that the alkaline fractions present the characteristic bands associated with proteins, so the glucans of these fractions could be coupled to a protein.
The term persistent toxic substances (PTS) does not imply any particular level of risk but rather is a broad consideration for substances that persist in the environment, are found in areas far removed from sources and display some level of toxicity. PTS may be manufactured intentionally for use in various sectors of industry, one important sub-group being pesticides, while others may be formed as by-products during a variety of processes (industrial, non-industrial and natural) including combustion. PTS offer both old and new challenges to epidemiology and public health. Not least among them is the need to explain findings on PTS exposure and effects in a way that is culturally acceptable to wide sectors of our societies. Otherwise PTS will only cause more fear. The objective of this work is to provide a measure of the threats and damage to the environment and human health posed by these substances. The characteristics of these substances, the monitoring methods, and data about concentrations in different environmental departments, their sources and policies for reduction of their concentrations are discussed. Finally, this paper summarizes the primary literature and reviews research findings of the health implications and risk assessment associated with exposure to PTS.
Machining is a process used to shape a material where the value of controlling parameters affects the quality of product. The surface roughness is one of the important quality parameters and get affected due to change in the material properties. In present study, machining process is modelled so that the surface roughness of materials can be predicted. For modelling the machining process experiments were conducted as per full factorial and Taguchi method. L9 orthogonal array has been used to design the experiments for Taguchi method. Three materials were selected for conducting the experiments: Aluminum, Copper, and Brass with a Poisson�s ratio of 0.334, 0.355, 0.357 respectively. The selected input parameters for the experiments were speed, feed rate and depth of cut and output parameter was surface roughness. For the same set of input parametric values, the surface roughness obtained for each material was found different. MINITAB software is used to calculate signal to noise (S/N) ratios in order to get optimized parametric values. The surface roughness obtained from the Taguchi method is compared with full factorial and found to be in good agreement. Further, artificial neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) has been used to model the process and it is found that surface roughness values predicted are accurate up to 10% to the experimental values. It is also found that the Poisson�s ratio affects the surface roughness value significantly.
Objectives: Frequency of some more complicating dental anomalies in relation to the patterns of skeletal malocclusion was determined. Additionally, the impact of age and sex was appraised. \nMaterials and Methods: 310 orthodontic patients (121 males and 189 females) including 102 (32.9%) Class I, 105 (33.9%) Class II, and 103 (33.2%) Class III subjects were evaluated for the presence of hypodontia, hyperdontia, impaction, micro/macrodontia, and dens invagination/evagination. Association of dental anomalies with the malocclusion patterns and sex was assessed by Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Independent t-test was applied for evaluation of the influence of age. P < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.\nResults: The overall frequency of dental anomalies was calculated to be 33%. Class III patients had the highest rate of dental anomalies (40.8%); however, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.105). Agenesis and impaction were the most abundant anomalies in all malocclusion patterns. Occurrence of dental impaction differed significantly among the malocclusions (p = 0.001) with the highest rate belonging to the Class III group. Hypodontia was more frequently observed in males (p = 0.04). Impaction and microdontia were the two anomalies showing significant association with age (p < 0.05).\nConclusion: Dental anomalies –in particular dental impaction- tend to be more associated with the Class III malocclusion type. Furthermore, sex and age contribute to the higher frequency of certain types of dental abnormalities.
Nutritional Balance in feed is very important in order to improve the efficiency of feed. The use of oil in omnivore fish can serve as a spare protein energy provider in addition to carbohydrates. Efforts to replace some of the protein functions as an energy source, by feed oil supplements from coconut flesh combined with candlenuts, with or without added of trace element Se, thus improving the optimum use of protein in freshwater fish. This study aims to determine the physiological and biological features of feed formula (low protein 28%) with fat and selenium supplementation and to get the ratio and type of fat (saturated and unsaturated) compared with high protein (32%), which can increase feed efficiency of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerling phase. The preparation stage found that coconut fat supplements were dominated by saturated fatty acid as lauric (42.67%), whereas candlenut fats contained unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic (34.4%) and oleic (48.99%) so the use of candlenut oil (0%, 2% and 4%) can increase the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids in feed. Treatments consist 6x3 with Completely Randomized Design by ratio of unsaturated fat and saturated fat supplement Se. R1 low protein feed without supplements; R2 and R3 low protein feed containing ratio of unsaturated-saturated fat 1:1 (mixture of oil) without and with addition of Se, and then R4 1:2 (coconut oil); 2:1 (candlenut oil) and R6 high protein without of fat supplements 2:3, produces normal physiological (hematologic and digestive) images for tilapia health. The main research (feeding trial) showed that low protein feed containing ratio of unsaturated-saturated fat 1:1 (coconut and candlenut mixed-oil were 2% of each) with the addition of selenium 0.15 ppm, was the best feed efficiency in tilapia ranged from 50.14-57.93% and protein efficiency ratio 1.72 - 2.06.